Gawande AA, Kwaan MR, Regenbogen SE, Lipsitz SA, Zinner MJ. An Apgar score for surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(2):201-208.
Regenbogen SE, Ehrenfeld JM, Lipsitz SA, Greenberg CC, Hutter MM, Gawande AA. Utility of the surgical apgar score: validation in 4119 patients. Arch Surg. 2009;144(1):30-36.
Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) for Postoperative Risk
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33%